Right to Life & Personal Liberty — Article 21 — KSLU Constitutional Law Notes

Right to Life & Personal Liberty — Article 21

No article has travelled farther. It began in Gopalan (1950) as a narrow promise of some procedure; by Maneka Gandhi (1978) the “procedure established by law” had to be just, fair and reasonable — importing substantive due process, with Articles 14, 19 and 21 forming the golden triangle. From that root grew an enormous tree of rights:

flowchart TD
    A["Article 21 — life with dignity"]:::root
    A --> B["Livelihood<br/>(Olga Tellis 1985)"]:::leaf
    A --> C["Privacy<br/>(Puttaswamy 2017)"]:::leaf
    A --> D["Clean environment;<br/>health; speedy trial"]:::leaf
    A --> E["Die with dignity<br/>(Common Cause 2018)"]:::leaf
    A --> F["Just, fair & reasonable<br/>procedure (Maneka 1978)"]:::leaf

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    classDef leaf fill:#E6F3FF,stroke:#1E3A8A,color:#000;
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