Subordinate Judiciary & Administrative Tribunals — KSLU Constitutional Law 2 Notes

Subordinate Judiciary & Administrative Tribunals

District judges are appointed and controlled by the High Court (Arts. 233–237), securing the lower judiciary’s independence. Administrative tribunals (the CAT and State tribunals, under Art. 323A, added by the 42nd Amendment) were created to take service and similar disputes off the High Courts — but L. Chandra Kumar v. Union of India (1997) held that tribunals supplement, not replace the constitutional courts: judicial review under Arts. 32/226 is part of the basic structure and cannot be ousted.