KSLU Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (Criminal Law II) Past Questions & Exam Topics
KSLU Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (Criminal Law II) Past Questions & Exam Topics
To crack the KSLU exam for Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (Criminal Law II), analyzing past trends is crucial. Below is a unit-wise breakdown of theory and problem questions compiled from KSLU semester papers.
How to read the map:
- ⭐⭐⭐ : Asked 5+ times — Must Cover
- ⭐⭐ : Asked 3–4 times — High Priority
- ⭐ : Asked 1–2 times
[16M]/[10M]: Essay marks[6M]/[SN]: Short notes / brief topics[Prob]: Solved problem fact patterns
📅 Unit 1 — Introduction, FIR, Investigation & Arrest
Topic-wise Questions
| # | Topic (BNSS § ← CrPC §) | Questions & Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| 1.1 | Constitution, jurisdiction & powers of criminal courts; sentences courts may pass (Ss 6–28 ← CrPC Ss 6–35) | [16M]/[15M] 2012(100),2014(100),2015(100),2016(100),2019(100),2021(100),2022(100); BNS S 2025(80), 2026(80), June2025(80); 2024(80); constitution of courts [SN] 2023(100) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 1.2 | First Information Report — meaning, procedure, evidentiary value, effect of delay; Zero FIR; refusal to register (S.173 ← CrPC S.154) | [16M]/[15M] FIR procedure & evidentiary value 2011(100),2012(100),2016(100),2017(100); 2022(80); what amounts to FIR / when not 2018(100); [SN] FIR 2015(100),2017(100),2019(80),2023(100); BNSS 2025(80),2024(80),2025-June(80); Zero FIR [SN] BNSS 2026(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 1.3 | Arrest — concept, who may arrest, arrest without warrant, rights of the arrested, production within 24 hours, handcuffing (Ss 35–62 ← CrPC Ss 41–60) | [16M]/[15M] arrest / without warrant / rights 2011(100),2013(100),2014(100),2017(100),2020(100); 2023(80); BNSS 2025(80),2025-Feb(80); circumstances to arrest without warrant 2011(100),2016(70),2017(100); [SN] rights of arrested person 2019(80),2022(80),2024(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 1.4 | Investigation; powers of police to investigate; preliminary inquiry; inquest (Ss 175–193, 194 ← CrPC Ss 156–173, 174) | [16M] powers of police officer to investigate 2019(100); BNSS 2025-Feb(80); investigation, inquiry, trial & inquest 2017(100),2021(100); procedure when investigation not completed in 24 hours (default bail link) 2019(100); [SN] investigation 2018(100),2018(100) ⭐⭐ |
| 1.5 | Complaint — meaning & procedure on receipt; examination of complainant (Ss 2(1)(h), 223 ← CrPC Ss 2(d), 200) | [16M] complaint & procedure on receiving 2016(100),2018(100),2019(100),2019(80),2022(80); 2016(70); [SN] complaint 2012(100),2023(80); BNSS 2025(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 1.6 | Functions, duties & powers of prosecution (Ss 18–20 ← CrPC Ss 24–25) (BNSS-era emphasis) | [16M] functions, duties & powers of prosecution BNSS 2025-June(80) ⭐ |
| 1.7 | Salient features & constitutional dimensions of BNSS; meaning & importance of criminal procedure (BNSS-era topic — new) | [16M] constitutional dimensions of BNSS BNSS 2026(80) ⭐ |
| 1.8 | Definitions & classification of offences (bail, bond, victim, investigation, audio-video electronic means) (S.2) | (never asked as a discrete question — cover in the notes’ opening) |
| 1.9 | Proclamation & information regarding arrested persons; handcuffing safeguards (Ss 84, 48, 43(3)) | (proclamation appears with attachment under Unit 2 — see 2.5; cover safeguards here) |
Application Problems (all papers)
Problems whose core issue sits in Unit 1 (FIR / arrest / investigation / complaint-registration / courts’ jurisdiction & place of trial). Each lists all years + paper weight and the planted decoy; look-alikes merged with neutral labels.
| Year(s) (paper) | Problem summary (neutral labels; decoy in italics) | Key issue (BNSS §) |
|---|---|---|
| P-I-1 · 2011(100) | A teacher rapes a student who, fearing him, complains only after 3 months when found pregnant; FIR then lodged. Is the delay condonable? Decoy: long delay in lodging FIR. | Effect of delay in FIR; delay explained by fear is condonable (S.173 ← S.154) |
| P-I-2 · 2015(100) | A police officer receives a telephonic report of a dacoity, rushes to the spot and there records the informant’s detailed statement. Is that statement the FIR? Decoy: the earlier cryptic phone call. | What constitutes the FIR — first detailed information, not a cryptic phone tip (S.173 ← S.154) |
| P-I-3 · 2016(70), 2021(80), BNSS 2025(80), 2025-June(80), BNSS 2026? | A goes to a police station to report a cognizable offence; the officer refuses to register the FIR (one variant: says it is outside the station’s jurisdiction). What is the remedy? Decoy: “wrong jurisdiction” / refusal. | Refusal to register; Zero FIR and remedy to the SP / Magistrate (S.173(1),(4) ← S.154(3)) |
| P-I-4 · 2018(100), 2018(100) (Dec), 2022(80), BNSS 2023(80) | A police officer records information of a cognizable offence in the station diary on the basis of a phone call. Can it be treated as the FIR? Decoy: a station-diary entry on a phone call. | A cryptic phone message/diary entry is not an FIR (S.173 ← S.154) |
| P-I-5 · 2011(100) | A’s servants auction vegetables from a private house, carts obstruct the public road and the noise disturbs residents; the Executive Magistrate orders A to stop. (Public-nuisance order — full treatment Unit 3, P-III-7.) | Cross-ref Unit 3 (public order, S.152 ← S.133) |
| P-I-6 · 2011(100), 2015(100) (variant: gang in Rajasthan) | A, charged with belonging to a dacoit gang operating in another State, is arrested in Mumbai/Bengaluru. Can he be tried where arrested? Decoy: arrest place ≠ offence place. | Jurisdiction / place of trial (Ss 197–205 ← CrPC S.177 ff.) |
| P-I-7 · 2015(100), 2023(100) | M/P travelling by train has luggage stolen at night; theft discovered at one town, the thief caught with it at another. Where can he be tried? Decoy: several places involved. | Place of trial where offence is continuing/where property found (Ss 197–205 ← S.177–181) |
| P-I-8 · 2016(70) | Smt. S wants to lodge a dowry-harassment complaint; the SI, a family friend of her in-laws, refuses to receive it. Advise. Decoy: officer’s bias/refusal. | Refusal to register; remedies (S.173(4) ← S.154(3)) + Zero FIR |
| P-I-9 · 2013(100) | An Assistant Sessions Judge sentences an accused to 7 years’ rigorous imprisonment. Has he the power? Decoy: an Assistant Sessions Judge. | Sentences courts may pass (S.23 ← CrPC S.28–29) |
📅 Unit 2 — Pre-Trial Process & Commencement
Topic-wise Questions
| # | Topic (BNSS § ← CrPC §) | Questions & Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| 2.1 | Taking cognizance of offences; limitations on the power to take cognizance (Ss 210, 212 ← CrPC Ss 190, 195) | [16M] taking cognizance & limitations on the power 2012(100),2017(100); BNSS 2025-Feb(80); magistrate’s power to take cognizance & timelines BNSS 2026(80) ⭐⭐ |
| 2.2 | Charge — meaning, form & contents; consequences of alteration (Ss 234–240 ← CrPC Ss 211–217) | [16M] what is charge / contents / alteration 2011(100),2013(100),2014(100),2019(100); BNSS 2025-June(80); [SN] charge 2019(100),2023(80); [SN] alteration consequences 2017(100) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 2.3 | Joinder of charges; “separate charge for every distinct offence” & its exceptions (Ss 241–246 ← CrPC Ss 218–223) | [16M] “separate charge is the rule, joinder the exception” 2013(100),2016(100),2017(100),2018(100),2022(100),2023(100); 2019(80),2021(80),2022(80),2024(80); BNSS 2025(80); joinder rules [SN] 2014(100),2015(100) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 2.4 | Process to compel appearance — summons & its service; use of electronic means (Ss 63–71 ← CrPC Ss 61–69) | [16M] summons & methods of service 2012(100),2012(100),2013(100),2014(100); BNSS 2025-June(80),2023(80); commencement of proceedings before magistrate 2012(100); BNSS 2025-June(80) ⭐⭐ |
| 2.5 | Process to compel appearance — warrant, proclamation & attachment of property of absconder (Ss 72–90 ← CrPC Ss 70–90) | [16M] proclamation & attachment 2011(100),2013(100); BNSS 2025-Dec? , sDec2019(100); [Prob] warrant validity / executable abroad (see P-II) ⭐⭐ |
| 2.6 | Process to compel production of things (S.94 ← CrPC S.91) | [16M] process to compel production of things before criminal courts 2017(100),2020(100),2022(100) ⭐⭐ |
| 2.7 | Bail & bonds — bailable / non-bailable; grant of bail; bail bonds (Ss 478–496 ← CrPC Ss 436–450) | [16M] bail; when granted in non-bailable offences 2013(100),2014(100),2015(100),2018(100); 2023(100); BNSS 2025-Feb(80),2022(100); granting bail in bailable & non-bailable 2016(100),2017(100); 2023(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 2.8 | Anticipatory bail (S.482 ← CrPC S.438) | [16M] anticipatory bail — when granted / refused 2015(100); [SN] anticipatory bail 2016(100),2018(100); BNSS 2025-June(80),2026(80); + Prob (see P-II-7) ⭐⭐ |
| 2.9 | Dismissal of complaints; commencement of proceedings; preliminary pleas — plea of guilt; limitation for cognizance (Ss 226, 514 ← CrPC Ss 203, 468) | limitation for taking cognizance 2011(100),2012(100),2013(100),2019(80); BNSS 2025-Feb(80); plea of guilt [SN] BNSS 2026(80); + Probs (limitation / murder) (see P-II) ⭐⭐ |
| 2.10 | Default bail on failure to file charge-sheet in time (S.187 ← CrPC S.167(2)) | + Probs (see P-II-5) — (asked only as problems) ⭐ |
Application Problems (all papers)
Problems whose core issue sits in Unit 2 (cognizance / charge & joinder / process / bail / limitation).
| Year(s) (paper) | Problem summary (neutral labels; decoy in italics) | Key issue (BNSS §) |
|---|---|---|
| P-II-1 · 2011(100), 2019(80), 2021(80), 2022(80), BNSS 2025? | A is accused of a theft on one occasion and grievous hurt on another; can both be tried in one trial / one charge? Decoy: two distinct offences/occasions. | Joinder of charges — separate charge the rule; exceptions (Ss 241–246 ← S.218–223) |
| P-II-2 · 2011(100), 2012(100), 2014(100), 2015(100) | Several persons (A & B; or X, Y, Z who supplied weapons; or A & B dacoity across two States in a year) — joint or separate charge/trial? Decoy: different persons/places/dates. | Joinder of persons/offences; one-year limit for several offences (Ss 242–246 ← S.219–223) |
| P-II-3 · 2012(100), 2016(100) | Accused in a non-bailable offence are in custody 3+ months and no charge-sheet is filed; can they claim bail as of right? Decoy: serious offence + lapse of time. | Default/statutory bail on non-completion of investigation (S.187(3) ← S.167(2)) |
| P-II-4 · 2012(100), 2022(100) | An accused’s charge is altered without explaining it to him and he is convicted. Is the conviction legal? Decoy: alteration mid-trial. | Effect of charge alteration; right to be explained / re-try (Ss 239–240 ← S.216–217) |
| P-II-5 · 2014(100), 2015(100) | After regular bail is rejected by the Sessions Court, the accused moves the High Court for anticipatory bail (S.482 ← S.438). Decoy: anticipatory bail sought after regular bail refused / he is already arrested. | Maintainability/scope of anticipatory bail (S.482 ← S.438) |
| P-II-6 · 2015(100) | After being released on bail in a bailable offence, the accused absconds; an NBW issues; on re-arrest he pleads S.436(1) release as of right. Decide. Decoy: “bailable ⇒ bail as of right”. | Bail discretion where accused abused liberty (Ss 478, 480 ← S.436, 437) |
| P-II-7 · 2021(100), BNSS 2025? | X, a film actress, files a sexual-harassment complaint three years after the incident; is it barred? (variant: fine-only offence one year old; defamation/marriage offence) Decoy: lapse of time. | Limitation for taking cognizance (S.514 ← S.468); when extended/condoned |
| P-II-8 · 2014(100), 2015(100) (Dec), 2016(100), 2020(100), 2023(100) | A court takes cognizance of murder 3 years / 18 months / 50 years after the event; accused pleads limitation. Decide. Decoy: long lapse of time. | No limitation for offences punishable with life/death (S.514 ← S.468) |
| P-II-9 · 2012(100), 2018(100), 2018(100), 2017(100) | A finds B beaten and files a complaint next day (or: a son dispossesses the father from a jointly-owned house, father complains; or police-report recommends discharge of a high-ranking officer and the magistrate discharges without hearing the complainant). Can the magistrate take cognizance / is the discharge proper? Decoy: civil flavour / police “B-report”. | Cognizance on complaint / protest; discharge requires hearing (Ss 210, 226 ← S.190, 203) |
| P-II-10 · 2017(100) | A misappropriates company money in India and flees to Sri Lanka; the Executive Magistrate issues a warrant to arrest him abroad. Is it executable? Decoy: warrant for a person outside India. | Warrant/process for a person beyond India (Ss 73–84 ← S.70–82) |
| P-II-11 · 2016(70) | A rescues B from a constable’s lawful custody and causes grievous hurt to the constable. How is the charge framed? Decoy: two acts in one transaction. | Framing & joinder of charges (Ss 234, 242 ← S.211, 220) |
📅 Unit 3 — Trial Process
Topic-wise Questions
| # | Topic (BNSS § ← CrPC §) | Questions & Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| 3.1 | Trial before the Court of Session (Ss 248–258 ← CrPC Ss 225–237) | [16M] procedure of trial before Court of Session 2011(100),2013(100),2018(100),2019(100),2022(80); BNSS 2025-Feb(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 3.2 | Trial of warrant cases by magistrates (Ss 261–273 ← CrPC Ss 238–250) | [16M] procedure for trial of warrant cases 2012? ,2014(100),2016(100),2019(80),2020(100); BNSS 2025(80),2023(80),June2025(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 3.3 | Trial of summons cases; summary trials & their significance (Ss 274–288 ← CrPC Ss 251–265) | [16M] summons-case trial 2012(100); summary trials 2011(100),2014(100); [SN] summary trial 2016(70),2017(100),2019(100),2025-Feb(80),2021(100) ⭐⭐ |
| 3.4 | Maintenance of wives, children & parents; alteration & enforcement (Ss 144–147 ← CrPC Ss 125–128) | [16M] maintenance of wife/children/parents 2011(100),2013(100),2015(100),2017(100),2020(100),2021(100),2022(100); 2022(80); BNSS 2025-June(80); [SN] maintenance 2024(80),2025-Feb(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 3.5 | Security for keeping the peace & good behaviour; public-order powers (public nuisance, S.144) (Ss 125–143, 152, 163 ← CrPC Ss 106–124, 133, 144) | [16M] security for peace & good behaviour 2012(100),2014(100),2015(100),2016(100),2018(100); 2019(80),2025-Feb(80); BNSS June2025(80); removal of public nuisance 2013(100),2020(100),2022(80),2021(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 3.6 | Appeals; revision; reference (Ss 413–446 ← CrPC Ss 372–405) | [16M] appeals & procedure / powers of appellate court 2015(100),2016(100),2023(100); BNSS 2025-Feb(80); reference & revision 2012(100),2016(100),2018(100),2022(100),2023(100),2024(80); difference appeal v. revision [SN] BNSS 2026(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 3.7 | Compounding of offences & plea bargaining (Ss 359, 289–300 ← CrPC S.320, 265A–265L) | [16M] compounding of offences 2011(100),2012(100),2019(80),2022(80),2024(80); BNSS 2025(80); plea bargaining [SN] 2014(100),2022(80) ⭐⭐ |
| 3.8 | Tender of pardon to an approver (Ss 343–345 ← CrPC Ss 306–308) | [16M] when court may tender pardon / can it be forfeited 2014(100),2011(100),2019(80); + Prob (committal & pardon) (P-III-9) ⭐⭐ |
| 3.9 | Double jeopardy; general provisions as to inquiries & trials; evidence; language of court (Ss 25, 337 ← CrPC Ss 26, 300) | [16M] double jeopardy 2011(100); enquiry & trial [SN] 2012(100); inquiries 2024(80); + Probs (interpretation; B dies after grievous-hurt conviction; revolver acquittal) (P-III-1, P-III-2, P-III-3) ⭐⭐ |
| 3.10 | Concurrent & consecutive running of sentences (S.25 ← CrPC S.31) (BNSS-era emphasis) | + Prob (Arjun: 3 sentences consecutive) (P-III-10) — (asked as a problem) ⭐ |
| 3.11 | Fair trial; features of fair trial | [SN]/[16M] fair trial 2013(100); BNSS 2025-Feb(80) ⭐ |
Application Problems (all papers)
Problems whose core issue sits in Unit 3 (trial / sentences / appeals / security & public order / maintenance / pardon / double jeopardy).
| Year(s) (paper) | Problem summary (neutral labels; decoy in italics) | Key issue (BNSS §) |
|---|---|---|
| P-III-1 · 2012(100), 2016(100), 2021(100) | A, who speaks Telugu/Tamil/Marathi, is tried where all witnesses depose in Kannada; his request to have it interpreted to him is refused. Decide. Decoy: language of the court. | Right to understand the trial; interpretation of evidence (S.317 ← CrPC S.279) |
| P-III-2 · 2013(100), 2014(100), 2016(100), 2019(100), 2019(80), 2023(100) | A is convicted of grievous hurt; the victim B later dies. Can A be tried again for culpable homicide/murder on the same facts? Decoy: same incident, graver result. | Double jeopardy & its exception for a new consequence (S.337 ← S.300/CrPC; Explanation) |
| P-III-3 · 2017(100), 2018(100) | A is acquitted under the Arms Act (possession of a revolver not proved); later he is tried for murder by that revolver and the prosecution again seeks to prove possession. Decide. Decoy: earlier acquittal. | Double jeopardy / issue-estoppel; distinct offence permits fresh trial (S.337 ← S.300) |
| P-III-4 · 2012(100), 2013(100) (variant: divorced wife; Ramappa’s married daughter; husband takes holy order; husband’s second marriage) | A claims/defends maintenance — divorced wife claims; aged parent claims from a married daughter; wife claims though husband renounced the world or took a second wife. Decide. Decoy: divorce / married daughter / renunciation. | Maintenance entitlement & defences (S.144 ← S.125) |
| P-III-5 · 2011(100) | W obtains a maintenance order at Delhi against H; H then settles at Hubli; a magistrate at Hubli executes the order. Is it valid? Decoy: enforcement in another district. | Enforcement/transfer of maintenance order (S.144(3) ← S.128) |
| P-III-6 · 2021(80) | A wife obtains divorce and maintenance under S.125; after 2 years she marries another; the ex-husband seeks cancellation of the order. Advise. Decoy: remarriage. | Alteration/cancellation of maintenance on remarriage (S.144(5) ← S.125(5)) |
| P-III-7 · 2011(100), 2015(100), 2009? | A auctions/sells vegetables or liquor near a public place causing obstruction and noise; the Executive Magistrate orders him to stop under the public-nuisance power; A challenges it. Advise. Decoy: lawful trade/licence. | Conditional order for removal of public nuisance (S.152 ← S.133) |
| P-III-8 · 2011(100) | The District Magistrate, to stop disturbances between two unions, prohibits assembly of 5+ and provocative slogans for 30 days; A & B challenge it (order against more than one person / duration). Decoy: order against many / 30-day span. | Power to issue orders for urgent nuisance/apprehended danger (S.163 ← S.144) |
| P-III-9 · 2011(100) | A case is committed by the Sessions Court to a JMFC under (old) S.307; which court can tender pardon to the accused? Decoy: committal to a magistrate. | Tender of pardon at/after committal (Ss 343–344 ← S.306–307) |
| P-III-10 · BNSS 2026(80) | Arjun is convicted of three offences carrying 3, 2 and 5 years’ imprisonment respectively. Can the sentences run consecutively? Decoy: assumption that they merge. | Concurrent v. consecutive running of sentences (S.25 ← S.31) |
| P-III-11 · 2012(100) | An Executive Magistrate binds two hostile groups over in the same proceeding under (old) S.107. Is the exercise of power sustainable? Decoy: one proceeding for rival groups. | Security for keeping the peace; separate proceedings (S.126 ← S.107) |
| P-III-12 · 2013(100) | B (or relatives) appeals against conviction; a co-accused dies pending the appeal and a relative applies to set aside his conviction and refund the fine. How decided? Decoy: appellant’s death. | Abatement of appeal; legal representative’s right re fine (S.394 ← S.394 CrPC) |
| P-III-13 · 2013(100) (JMFC plea of guilty), 2019(80), 2022(80), BNSS 2025(80), 2024(80) | A magistrate convicts the accused on his plea of guilty; the accused then wants to appeal. Decide. Decoy: he pleaded guilty. | Limited right of appeal on a plea of guilt (S.418 ← S.375) |
📅 Unit 4 — Miscellaneous Procedure
Topic-wise Questions
| # | Topic (BNSS § ← CrPC §) | Questions & Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| 4.1 | Judgment — form, contents & manner of delivery (Ss 392–406 ← CrPC Ss 353–365) | [16M] form/contents & manner of delivering judgment 2011(100),2013(100),2013(100); BNSS 2025-Feb(80),2022(80); [SN] judgment 2020(100),2022(100); BNSS 2026(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 4.2 | Transfer of cases & appeals — powers of Supreme Court & High Courts (Ss 447–453 ← CrPC Ss 406–412) | [16M] powers of SC & HC to transfer cases/appeals 2011(100),2013(100),2014(100); transfer of criminal cases 2019(80),2021(100),2022(100),2023(100); BNSS 2025-Feb(80),June2025(80),2026(80),2024(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 4.3 | Execution, suspension, remission & commutation of sentences; mercy petitions; execution of death sentence; levy of fine (Ss 453–477 ← CrPC Ss 413–435) | [16M] suspension, remission & commutation 2013(100),2015(100); 2025-Feb(80); BNSS 2025-Feb(80),June2025(80); [SN] execution of death sentence; warrant for levy of fine 2011(100); remission [SN] 2025-Feb(80); capital punishment enforcement 2016(70) ⭐⭐ |
| 4.4 | Disposal of property; photography/videography & time-bound release (Ss 497–505 ← CrPC Ss 451–459) | [16M] disposal of property 2014(100); BNSS 2026(80); [SN] disposal of property 2019(80),2014(100); + Probs (P-IV-1) ⭐⭐ |
| 4.5 | Irregular proceedings — which vitiate & which do not (Ss 507–513 ← CrPC Ss 460–466) | [16M]/[SN] irregular proceedings *2012(100),2014(100),2015(100),2020(100); 2019(80),2021(80),2022(80),2024(80); BNSS 2025-Feb? * ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 4.6 | Protection of victims — compensation & treatment; victim compensation scheme (Ss 395–398 ← CrPC Ss 357, 357A, 357B/C) | [16M] scope of victim compensation 2016(70); [SN] victim compensation scheme BNSS 2025(80),2025-June(80),2026(80); + Prob (P-IV-3) ⭐⭐ |
| 4.7 | Preventive action of the police (Ss 168–172 ← CrPC Ss 149–153) | [16M]/[SN] preventive action of police 2012(100); BNSS 2025-June(80),2023(80) ⭐ |
Application Problems (all papers)
Problems whose core issue sits in Unit 4 (judgment / disposal of property / compensation / execution-commutation).
| Year(s) (paper) | Problem summary (neutral labels; decoy in italics) | Key issue (BNSS §) |
|---|---|---|
| P-IV-1 · 2012(100), 2013(100) | An accused is acquitted but the court orders the seized property (stolen goods / obscene books) to be delivered to the complainant / confiscated & destroyed. Is the order valid? Decoy: acquittal, yet a property order. | Disposal of property on conclusion of trial (Ss 497–499, 503 ← S.452, 451) |
| P-IV-2 · 2008?, 2013(100), 2019(100), 2022(80), BNSS 2025-Feb(80), 2024(80) | A magistrate convicts the accused after following all procedure but without hearing him on sentence. Is the conviction/sentence legal? Decoy: full procedure followed otherwise. | Right to be heard on sentence; judgment validity (S.392 + S.258/393 ← S.235(2)/248(2)/353) |
| P-IV-3 · 2014(100) | An armed-force officer, without the higher authority’s order, fires on an unlawful assembly and kills B/D; the dependant seeks compensation. Advise. Decoy: he is a public servant on duty. | Sanction to prosecute public servants + victim compensation (Ss 197, 396 ← S.132, 357A) |
| P-IV-4 · 2016(70) | A criminal case on a complaint is decided in P’s favour and the magistrate finds there was no reasonable ground for it; P seeks compensation. Can he succeed? Decoy: acquittal alone. | Compensation for groundless accusation (S.379 ← S.250) |
| P-IV-5 · 2018(100) | More than two years after a death sentence, it remains un-executed; the convict seeks commutation to life on the ground of inordinate delay. Decide. Decoy: long delay in execution. | Delay in execution as a ground to commute the death sentence (Ss 473–474 ← S.432–433; T.V. Vatheeswaran line) |
| P-IV-6 · 2017(100) | A is convicted by the Sessions Court but the sentence is not announced and the judge is then removed/transferred; the accused challenges the conviction and its jurisdiction. Decide. Decoy: incomplete judgment + judge’s exit. | Pronouncement of judgment; successor’s power (Ss 392, 397 ← S.353, 354) |
📅 Unit 5 — Juvenile Justice & Probation
Topic-wise Questions
| # | Topic (JJ Act 2015 / PO Act 1958) | Questions & Frequency |
|---|---|---|
| 5.1 | Juvenile Justice Board — constitution, composition, powers & functions (JJ Act 2015, Ss 4–8) | [16M] formation/constitution & powers of JJ Board 2011(100),2012(100),2014(100),2015(100); 2019(80),2022(80); BNSS 2025-Feb(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 5.2 | Power of court to release offenders — admonition (PO Act S.3) & on probation of good conduct (S.4); distinction | [16M] release after admonition & on probation of good conduct *2011(100),2012(100),2014(100),2017(100),2018(100); 2022(80); BNSS? *; distinguish admonition v. probation 2014(100); brief release on probation/admonition 2021(100),2025-Feb(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 5.3 | Powers & duties of probation officers; report & its confidentiality (PO Act Ss 13–14) | [16M] powers & duties of probation officers 2013(100),2017(100),2021? ; BNSS 2025-June(80),2024(80),2026(80); [SN] probation officer 2021(80),2022(80),2023(80),2025-Feb(80),2025(80); report & confidentiality 2012(100) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 5.4 | Salient features, scope & objects of the Probation of Offenders Act, 1958 | [16M] objects/salient features/scope 2013(100),2021(100),2022? ; BNSS 2025-Feb(80),2026(80); zNov2022(80) ⭐⭐ |
| 5.5 | Child Welfare Committee — constitution, powers & functions (JJ Act 2015, Ss 27–30) | [16M]/[SN] constitution & powers of CWC 2011(100),2017(100),2022(100); BNSS 2025-June(80),2026(80),2023(80),2024(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 5.6 | Rehabilitation & social re-integration of children; observation / special / children’s homes (JJ Act 2015, Ss 39–55) | [16M] schemes for rehabilitation & social re-integration 2011(100),2013(100),2016(100),2019(100),2023(100); BNSS 2025-June? ,2026(80); observation/special homes & their establishment 2016(100); [SN] 2012(100),2014(100),2022(80),2025-June(80) ⭐⭐⭐ |
| 5.7 | Orders that may & may not be passed against a child/juvenile (JJ Act 2015, Ss 18, 21) | [16M] orders that may/may not be passed against juveniles 2012(100),2013(100) ⭐⭐ |
| 5.8 | Competent authorities & institutions for juveniles (JJ Act 2015) | [16M] competent authorities & institutions 2014(100),2015(100); BNSS 2025-Feb(80) ⭐⭐ |
| 5.9 | Compensation & cost; restriction on imprisonment of offenders under 21; appeal & revision (PO Act Ss 5, 6, 9, 11) | [SN] restriction on imprisonment under 21 2012(100),2013(100); compensation/cost & appeal-revision (largely never asked — cover briefly) ⭐ |
| 5.10 | Children in conflict with law v. children in need of care & protection; bail of a juvenile; child in need of care & protection (JJ Act 2015, Ss 2(13)/2(14), 12) | [SN] child in need of care & protection 2011(100); BNSS 2025-June(80); bail of juvenile 2012(100),2019(80) ⭐⭐ |
| 5.11 | Procedure on breach of bond; variation of conditions of probation (PO Act Ss 8, 9) | [SN] procedure where offender fails to observe bond conditions 2011(100),2015(100),2019(80),2023(80),2025-Feb(80); variation of conditions 2013(100); breach of bond 2024(80) ⭐⭐ |
| 5.12 | Definition / concept of juvenile delinquent; begging | [16M] define juvenile delinquent & protective provisions 2016(70); [SN] begging 2013(100),2014(100) ⭐ |
Application Problems (all papers)
Unit 5 is overwhelmingly tested by essays and short notes, not fact-pattern problems. The only recurring problem-style item is bail/orders for a juvenile.
| Year(s) (paper) | Problem summary (neutral labels; decoy in italics) | Key issue |
|---|---|---|
| P-V-1 · 2012(100), 2019(80) | A juvenile in conflict with law seeks bail; the offence is serious. On what terms is bail dealt with? Decoy: gravity of the offence. | Bail of a child in conflict with law — JJ Act 2015, S.12 (bail the norm unless exceptions) |
| P-V-2 · 2011(100), 2015(100), 2019(80), 2023(80), 2025-Feb(80) | An offender released on probation/admonition fails to observe the conditions of his bond; what is the procedure? Decoy: the offender was already “let off”. | Procedure on breach of probation bond — PO Act, Ss 8–9 (court may sentence for the original offence) |
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