https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/ Free Code of Civil Procedure (CPC) & Limitation Act notes for LL.B. — jurisdiction, res judicata & res sub judice, parties & pleadings, summons, appearance & written statement, interim orders, appeals, review & revision, execution, and the law of limitation. Full topic notes, landmark cases and solved IRAC problems. Hugo en-us https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/solved-problems/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/solved-problems/ Ten CPC & Limitation Act exam problems solved in the IRAC method — Issue, Rule, Analysis, Conclusion — with full model answers, spanning all five units. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/past-questions/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/past-questions/ KSLU previous-year question papers for CPC & Limitation Act — unit-wise and topic-wise questions and frequency. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/procedural-vs-substantive-law-history-extent-and-definitions/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/procedural-vs-substantive-law-history-extent-and-definitions/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Procedural vs Substantive Law; History, Extent & Definitions. A decree is the court's final verdict on the parties' rights — the thing you can enforce or appeal. The judgment gives the reasons; the decree… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/jurisdiction-of-civil-courts-kinds-and-bar-on-suits/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/jurisdiction-of-civil-courts-kinds-and-bar-on-suits/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Jurisdiction of Civil Courts — Kinds & Bar on Suits. Section 6 makes the point plain — the Code itself does not enlarge any court's money-limit. A court cannot hear a suit worth more than the ceiling fixed… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-of-a-civil-nature-s9/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-of-a-civil-nature-s9/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Suits of a Civil Nature (s.9). If your dispute is about a private, civil right, the civil court will hear it — automatically — unless some law has clearly taken that particular dispute away and given it to… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/res-sub-judice-stay-of-suits-s10/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/res-sub-judice-stay-of-suits-s10/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Res Sub Judice — Stay of Suits (s.10). If the very same dispute between the very same parties is already being tried in a competent court, a second court must not run its own trial in parallel — it has to… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/res-judicata-and-constructive-res-judicata-ss11-12/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/res-judicata-and-constructive-res-judicata-ss11-12/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Res Judicata & Constructive Res Judicata (ss.11–12). If a proper court has already finally decided the same question between the same parties, no court will hear that question again. And under Explanation IV,… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/foreign-judgments-ss13-14/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/foreign-judgments-ss13-14/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Foreign Judgments (ss.13–14). India treats a foreign court's judgment as final and binding — but only if that court was competent, decided the real dispute fairly, applied the right law, was not tricked, and… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/place-of-suing-and-objection-to-jurisdiction-ss15-21/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/place-of-suing-and-objection-to-jurisdiction-ss15-21/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Place of Suing & Objection to Jurisdiction (ss.15–21). Start your suit in the smallest competent court, so higher courts are not burdened with matters a lower court can handle. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/transfer-of-cases-ss22-25/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/transfer-of-cases-ss22-25/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Transfer of Cases (ss.22–25). A High Court or District Court can, at any time — even on its own — move a case from one subordinate court to another, or pull a case up to decide itself, whenever justice and… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/institution-of-suits-and-stages-of-a-suit/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/institution-of-suits-and-stages-of-a-suit/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Institution of Suits & Stages of a Suit. A suit legally begins only when a proper plaint is physically handed in to the right court. No plaint, no suit. Section 26 also now requires the plaintiff to back the… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/summons-and-modes-of-service/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/summons-and-modes-of-service/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Summons & Modes of Service. If the defendant slams the door or refuses to sign, the server can stick the summons on the house (rule 17). If the defendant is deliberately hiding, the court can order it stuck… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/interest-costs-and-mesne-profits/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/interest-costs-and-mesne-profits/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Interest, Costs & Mesne Profits. Interest pays the winner for waiting for money. Costs make the loser pay the winner's litigation bill, with extra costs for lying (35A) or stalling (35B). Mesne profits make a… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/pleadings-fundamental-rules/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/pleadings-fundamental-rules/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Pleadings — Fundamental Rules. A pleading is each side's written case. State the material facts, leave out the law and the evidence, and keep it concise — those are the four golden rules. If you make a… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/plaint-parts-return-and-rejection/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/plaint-parts-return-and-rejection/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Plaint — Parts, Return & Rejection. A plaint must name the parties, state the facts that give a right to sue, show jurisdiction and limitation, and ask clearly for relief. If the plaintiff picked the wrong… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/written-statement-set-off-and-counter-claim/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/written-statement-set-off-and-counter-claim/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Written Statement, Set-off & Counter-claim. The written statement is the defendant's reply — deny clearly or you are taken to admit. If the plaintiff also owes the defendant a definite sum, the defendant can… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/parties-joinder-misjoinder-and-non-joinder-frame-of-suit/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/parties-joinder-misjoinder-and-non-joinder-frame-of-suit/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Parties — Joinder, Misjoinder & Non-joinder; Frame of Suit. You may sue or be sued together where the claims share the same transaction and a common question (Order 1 rr.1, 3). A necessary party is one… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/appearance-examination-and-non-appearance-of-parties-ex-parte-decree-o9-o18/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/appearance-examination-and-non-appearance-of-parties-ex-parte-decree-o9-o18/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Appearance, Examination & Non-appearance of Parties; Ex-parte Decree (O.9, O.18). If you were summoned and stayed away without a good reason, the court can decide the case without you. But if you had a… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/discovery-inspection-and-production-of-documents-o11-o13/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/discovery-inspection-and-production-of-documents-o11-o13/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Discovery, Inspection & Production of Documents (O.11, O.13). Before the trial starts, you can make the other side answer written questions on oath and show you the relevant papers they are holding. This… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/first-hearing-and-framing-of-issues-o10-o14/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/first-hearing-and-framing-of-issues-o10-o14/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on First Hearing & Framing of Issues (O.10, O.14). The court first talks to the parties to see what they actually agree and disagree on, then writes down each real point of conflict as a separate 'issue'. Facts… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/admissions-and-affidavits-o12-o19/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/admissions-and-affidavits-o12-o19/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Admissions & Affidavits (O.12, O.19). If your opponent admits a fact clearly, the court can decide that part straight away — no need to prove what is already conceded, and admitting the debt but pleading… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/adjournment-o17/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/adjournment-o17/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Adjournment (O.17). You can ask the court to postpone a hearing, but only for a genuine reason, only up to three times, and usually only if you pay the other side's wasted costs. If you keep dodging dates,… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/death-marriage-and-insolvency-of-parties-o22/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/death-marriage-and-insolvency-of-parties-o22/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Death, Marriage & Insolvency of Parties (O.22). If a party dies while the case is running, the case usually continues with the dead person's heirs stepping in — but only if the right being fought over can be… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/withdrawal-and-compromise-of-suits-o23/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/withdrawal-and-compromise-of-suits-o23/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Withdrawal & Compromise of Suits (O.23). You can drop your case, but if you do it without the court's permission to try again, you cannot re-file on the same grievance. If instead you and your opponent settle… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/judgment-and-decree-o20-decree-vs-order/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/judgment-and-decree-o20-decree-vs-order/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Judgment & Decree (O.20); Decree vs Order. The judgment is the judge's reasons; the decree is the final, formal result drawn up from those reasons; an order is any other decision that is not a decree. It… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/execution-of-decrees-modes-attachment-and-sale-ss36-74-o21/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/execution-of-decrees-modes-attachment-and-sale-ss36-74-o21/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Execution of Decrees — Modes, Attachment & Sale (ss.36–74, O.21). Execution is how the winner actually collects. You go to the court that passed the decree, or get it sent to where the loser or his property… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-by-or-against-government-and-public-officers-ss79-82-o27/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-by-or-against-government-and-public-officers-ss79-82-o27/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Suits by or against Government & Public Officers (ss.79–82, O.27). You cannot rush to court against the Government. Send a written notice, describe your grievance and what you want, then wait two full months.… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-by-or-against-aliens-foreign-rulers-and-ambassadors-ss85-87/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-by-or-against-aliens-foreign-rulers-and-ambassadors-ss85-87/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Suits by or against Aliens, Foreign Rulers & Ambassadors (ss.85–87). You cannot drag a foreign country into an Indian court on your own. First get the Central Government's written permission. Ambassadors and… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-relating-to-public-matters-public-nuisance-and-charities-ss91-93/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-relating-to-public-matters-public-nuisance-and-charities-ss91-93/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Suits Relating to Public Matters — Public Nuisance & Charities (ss.91–93). Wrongs against the whole public can be challenged by the Advocate-General, or by two or more citizens if the court permits — no need… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-by-or-against-firms-o30/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-by-or-against-firms-o30/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Suits by or against Firms (O.30). Partners can sue, and be sued, using just the firm's name. The plaintiff need not know every partner up front. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-by-or-against-minors-and-persons-of-unsound-mind-o32/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-by-or-against-minors-and-persons-of-unsound-mind-o32/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Suits by or against Minors & Persons of Unsound Mind (O.32). A child does not lose the right to sue — an adult (the next friend) runs the case in the child's name. When a child is sued, the court first… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-by-indigent-persons-o33/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/suits-by-indigent-persons-o33/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Suits by Indigent Persons (O.33). If you are too poor to pay the court fee, you can still sue — the fee is postponed, not waived. If you win, the State recovers it from what you recover; if you lose, you must… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/interpleader-suits-s88-o35/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/interpleader-suits-s88-o35/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Interpleader Suits (s.88, O.35). If you are holding something two people are fighting over and you do not want it yourself, you can hand it to the court and let the two claimants battle it out — so you are… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/commissions-s75-o26/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/commissions-s75-o26/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Commissions (s.75, O.26). When the court cannot do a task itself — record a distant witness, inspect land, sort accounts, divide property — it sends a Commissioner to do it and report back. That report… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/arrest-and-attachment-before-judgment-o38/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/arrest-and-attachment-before-judgment-o38/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Arrest & Attachment before Judgment (O.38). If a defendant is trying to run away or hide his assets to make a future decree worthless, the court can arrest him or freeze his property even before judgment —… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/temporary-injunctions-o39/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/temporary-injunctions-o39/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Temporary Injunctions (O.39). While a case is going on, the court can order a party to stop doing something (or not to change the situation) so that the final judgment is not made pointless. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/appointment-of-receivers-o40/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/appointment-of-receivers-o40/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Appointment of Receivers (O.40). When disputed property needs safe, neutral hands while a case runs, the court hands it to a receiver — a court-appointed caretaker who manages it and accounts for every rupee. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/appeals-first-second-and-to-the-supreme-court-ss96-112-o41-45/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/appeals-first-second-and-to-the-supreme-court-ss96-112-o41-45/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Appeals — First, Second & to the Supreme Court (ss.96–112, O.41–45). Unless a law says otherwise, you can appeal any decree of a trial court to the court above it — a first appeal re-examines both facts and… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/reference-review-and-revision-ss113-115-o46-47/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/reference-review-and-revision-ss113-115-o46-47/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Reference, Review & Revision (ss.113–115, O.46–47). Revision is the High Court's tool to keep lower courts inside their jurisdiction — it corrects who-could-decide errors, not the rightness of the decision on… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/caveat-s148a/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/caveat-s148a/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Caveat (s.148A). If you expect someone to seek a court order against you, file a caveat. The court then cannot pass any order on that application without first informing you and hearing your side. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/inherent-powers-and-interlocutory-orders-ss148-151-s94/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/inherent-powers-and-interlocutory-orders-ss148-151-s94/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Inherent Powers & Interlocutory Orders (ss.148–151, s.94). Where the rulebook is silent, the court still has the built-in power to do what justice needs and to stop its process being misused — but only where… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/scheme-objects-and-bars-the-remedy-not-the-right-ss2-3/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/scheme-objects-and-bars-the-remedy-not-the-right-ss2-3/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Scheme, Objects & 'Bars the Remedy, Not the Right' (ss.2–3). The 'period of limitation' is the raw number in the Schedule; the 'prescribed period' is that number after the general sections have added,… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/sufficient-cause-and-condonation-of-delay-s5/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/sufficient-cause-and-condonation-of-delay-s5/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Sufficient Cause & Condonation of Delay (s.5). A court may forgive a late appeal or application (never a suit) if you honestly prove a good, unavoidable reason for the delay. The Explanation adds that being… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/legal-disability-ss6-8/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/legal-disability-ss6-8/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Legal Disability (ss.6–8). If you were a minor, insane or an idiot when your right first arose, the clock waits — you get your full period counting from the day the disability ends, not from when the right… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/computation-of-limitation-and-effect-of-fraud-mistake-ss4-12-17/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/computation-of-limitation-and-effect-of-fraud-mistake-ss4-12-17/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Computation of Limitation & Effect of Fraud/Mistake (ss.4, 12–17). If your deadline lands on a day the court is shut, you do not lose — you may file on the next day the court opens. It rescues only the last… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/continuous-running-of-time-effect-of-subsequent-disability-s9/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/continuous-running-of-time-effect-of-subsequent-disability-s9/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Continuous Running of Time; Effect of Subsequent Disability (s.9). The moment the clock validly starts, nothing that happens to you afterwards — insanity, illness, travel, jail — can pause it. The single… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/acknowledgment-and-effect-of-part-payment-ss18-19/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/acknowledgment-and-effect-of-part-payment-ss18-19/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Acknowledgment & Effect of Part-payment (ss.18–19). If, while the debt is still alive, the debtor puts his signature to a writing admitting he owes you, the clock resets and you get a fresh full period from… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/adverse-possession-extinguishment-of-right-s27-and-distinction-from-estoppel/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/adverse-possession-extinguishment-of-right-s27-and-distinction-from-estoppel/ Free CPC & Limitation Act LL.B. notes on Adverse Possession, Extinguishment of Right (s.27) & Distinction from Estoppel. When the time to sue for possession runs out, the owner does not just lose the right to sue — he loses the property right… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/abc-laminart-pvt-ltd-v-ap-agencies-1989/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/abc-laminart-pvt-ltd-v-ap-agencies-1989/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — A.B.C. Laminart Pvt. Ltd. v A.P. Agencies (1989): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Construing a jurisdiction clause. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/balraj-taneja-v-sunil-madan-1999/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/balraj-taneja-v-sunil-madan-1999/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Balraj Taneja v Sunil Madan (1999): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Judgment on default is not automatic. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/basawaraj-v-special-land-acquisition-officer-2013/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/basawaraj-v-special-land-acquisition-officer-2013/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Basawaraj v Special Land Acquisition Officer (2013): facts, issue, held and why it matters. 'sufficient cause' must be shown, not routine. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/bihari-chowdhary-v-state-of-bihar-1984/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/bihari-chowdhary-v-state-of-bihar-1984/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Bihari Chowdhary v State of Bihar (1984): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The s.80 notice is mandatory. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/byram-pestonji-gariwala-v-union-bank-of-india-1992/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/byram-pestonji-gariwala-v-union-bank-of-india-1992/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Byram Pestonji Gariwala v Union Bank of India (1992): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Compromise decrees and counsel's authority. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/church-of-christ-charitable-trust-v-ponniamman-educational-trust-2012/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/church-of-christ-charitable-trust-v-ponniamman-educational-trust-2012/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Church of Christ Charitable Trust v Ponniamman Educational Trust (2012): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Cause of action tested on the plaint alone. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/collector-land-acquisition-anantnag-v-mst-katiji-1987/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/collector-land-acquisition-anantnag-v-mst-katiji-1987/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Collector, Land Acquisition, Anantnag v Mst. Katiji (1987): facts, issue, held and why it matters. A liberal 'sufficient cause'. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/consolidated-engineering-enterprises-v-principal-secretary-irrigation-department-2008/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/consolidated-engineering-enterprises-v-principal-secretary-irrigation-department-2008/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Consolidated Engineering Enterprises v Principal Secretary, Irrigation Department (2008): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Liberal s.14 exclusion. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/custodian-branches-of-banco-national-ultramarino-v-nalini-bai-naique-1989/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/custodian-branches-of-banco-national-ultramarino-v-nalini-bai-naique-1989/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Custodian, Branches of BANCO National Ultramarino v Nalini Bai Naique (1989): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Who is a legal representative. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/dalpat-kumar-v-prahlad-singh-1992/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/dalpat-kumar-v-prahlad-singh-1992/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Dalpat Kumar v Prahlad Singh (1992): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The three-fold test for a temporary injunction. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/daryao-v-state-of-up-1961/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/daryao-v-state-of-up-1961/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Daryao v State of U.P. (1961): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Res judicata binds writ petitions. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/dhulabhai-v-state-of-madhya-pradesh-1969/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/dhulabhai-v-state-of-madhya-pradesh-1969/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Dhulabhai v State of Madhya Pradesh (1969): facts, issue, held and why it matters. When civil jurisdiction is excluded. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/gp-srivastava-v-rk-raizada-2000/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/gp-srivastava-v-rk-raizada-2000/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — G.P. Srivastava v R.K. Raizada (2000): facts, issue, held and why it matters. 'sufficient cause' for setting aside an ex-parte decree. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/ganesh-trading-co-v-moji-ram-1978/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/ganesh-trading-co-v-moji-ram-1978/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Ganesh Trading Co. v Moji Ram (1978): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Liberal amendment of pleadings. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/ganga-bai-v-vijay-kumar-1974/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/ganga-bai-v-vijay-kumar-1974/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Ganga Bai v Vijay Kumar (1974): facts, issue, held and why it matters. A right of appeal is a creature of statute. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/ghan-shyam-das-v-anant-kumar-sinha-1991/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/ghan-shyam-das-v-anant-kumar-sinha-1991/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Ghan Shyam Das v Anant Kumar Sinha (1991): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Order 21 is a complete code. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/guda-vijayalakshmi-v-guda-ramachandra-sekhara-sastry-1981/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/guda-vijayalakshmi-v-guda-ramachandra-sekhara-sastry-1981/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Guda Vijayalakshmi v Guda Ramachandra Sekhara Sastry (1981): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Transfer of matrimonial cases. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/gujarat-bottling-co-v-coca-cola-co-1995/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/gujarat-bottling-co-v-coca-cola-co-1995/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Gujarat Bottling Co v Coca Cola Co (1995): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Injunction is a discretionary, equitable relief. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/gulabchand-chhotalal-parikh-v-state-of-gujarat-1965/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/gulabchand-chhotalal-parikh-v-state-of-gujarat-1965/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Gulabchand Chhotalal Parikh v State of Gujarat (1965): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Res judicata beyond suits. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/gurbux-singh-v-bhooralal-1964/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/gurbux-singh-v-bhooralal-1964/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Gurbux Singh v Bhooralal (1964): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Order 2 rule 2 bars a relinquished claim. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/hakam-singh-v-gammon-india-ltd-1971/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/hakam-singh-v-gammon-india-ltd-1971/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Hakam Singh v Gammon (India) Ltd. (1971): facts, issue, held and why it matters. A valid ouster clause. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/hulas-rai-baij-nath-v-firm-kb-bass-and-co-1968/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/hulas-rai-baij-nath-v-firm-kb-bass-and-co-1968/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Hulas Rai Baij Nath v Firm K.B. Bass & Co. (1968): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Withdrawal without leave bars a fresh suit. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/indian-bank-v-maharashtra-state-coop-marketing-federation-1998/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/indian-bank-v-maharashtra-state-coop-marketing-federation-1998/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Indian Bank v Maharashtra State Coop. Marketing Federation (1998): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The reach of 'trial' in s.10. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/jolly-george-verghese-v-bank-of-cochin-1980/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/jolly-george-verghese-v-bank-of-cochin-1980/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Jolly George Verghese v Bank of Cochin (1980): facts, issue, held and why it matters. No jail for mere inability to pay. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/kk-velusamy-v-n-palanisamy-2011/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/kk-velusamy-v-n-palanisamy-2011/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — K.K. Velusamy v N. Palanisamy (2011): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Inherent power exists but is used sparingly. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/kailash-v-nanhku-2005/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/kailash-v-nanhku-2005/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Kailash v Nanhku (2005): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The Order 8 rule 1 time-limit is directory. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/karnataka-board-of-wakf-v-government-of-india-2004/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/karnataka-board-of-wakf-v-government-of-india-2004/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Karnataka Board of Wakf v Government of India (2004): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The plea and its proof. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/kasturi-v-iyyamperumal-2005/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/kasturi-v-iyyamperumal-2005/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Kasturi v Iyyamperumal (2005): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The test of a necessary party. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/kiran-singh-v-chaman-paswan-1954/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/kiran-singh-v-chaman-paswan-1954/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Kiran Singh v Chaman Paswan (1954): facts, issue, held and why it matters. A decree without jurisdiction is a nullity. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/laxmidas-dayabhai-kabrawala-v-nanabhai-chunilal-kabrawala-1964/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/laxmidas-dayabhai-kabrawala-v-nanabhai-chunilal-kabrawala-1964/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Laxmidas Dayabhai Kabrawala v Nanabhai Chunilal Kabrawala (1964): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Equitable set-off and counter-claim. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/lucy-kochuvareed-v-p-mariappa-gounder-1979/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/lucy-kochuvareed-v-p-mariappa-gounder-1979/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Lucy Kochuvareed v P. Mariappa Gounder (1979): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Measure of mesne profits. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/major-ss-khanna-v-brig-fj-dillon-1964/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/major-ss-khanna-v-brig-fj-dillon-1964/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Major S.S. Khanna v Brig. F.J. Dillon (1964): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Scope of revision under s.115. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/makhanlal-bangal-v-manas-bhunia-2001/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/makhanlal-bangal-v-manas-bhunia-2001/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Makhanlal Bangal v Manas Bhunia (2001): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Framing issues is the backbone of the trial. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/manohar-lal-chopra-v-rai-bahadur-rao-raja-seth-hiralal-1962/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/manohar-lal-chopra-v-rai-bahadur-rao-raja-seth-hiralal-1962/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Manohar Lal Chopra v Rai Bahadur Rao Raja Seth Hiralal (1962): facts, issue, held and why it matters. S.151 inherent power, scope and limit. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/melepurath-sankunni-ezhuthassan-v-thekittil-gopalankutty-nair-1986/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/melepurath-sankunni-ezhuthassan-v-thekittil-gopalankutty-nair-1986/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Melepurath Sankunni Ezhuthassan v Thekittil Gopalankutty Nair (1986): facts, issue, held and why it matters. A defamation action abates on death. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/most-rev-pma-metropolitan-v-moran-mar-marthoma-1995/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/most-rev-pma-metropolitan-v-moran-mar-marthoma-1995/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Most Rev. P.M.A. Metropolitan v Moran Mar Marthoma (1995): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The reach of s.9. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/n-balakrishnan-v-m-krishnamurthy-1998/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/n-balakrishnan-v-m-krishnamurthy-1998/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — N. Balakrishnan v M. Krishnamurthy (1998): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The explanation matters, not the length. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/nedunuri-kameswaramma-v-sampati-subba-rao-1963/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/nedunuri-kameswaramma-v-sampati-subba-rao-1963/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Nedunuri Kameswaramma v Sampati Subba Rao (1963): facts, issue, held and why it matters. No issue framed, but trial still valid. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/pt-munichikkanna-reddy-v-revamma-2007/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/pt-munichikkanna-reddy-v-revamma-2007/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — P.T. Munichikkanna Reddy v Revamma (2007): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The quality of adverse possession. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/phoolchand-v-gopal-lal-1967/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/phoolchand-v-gopal-lal-1967/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Phoolchand v Gopal Lal (1967): facts, issue, held and why it matters. More than one preliminary decree in a partition suit. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/punjab-national-bank-v-surendra-prasad-sinha-1992/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/punjab-national-bank-v-surendra-prasad-sinha-1992/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Punjab National Bank v Surendra Prasad Sinha (1992): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Bars the remedy, not the right. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/raman-tech-and-process-engineering-co-v-solanki-traders-2008/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/raman-tech-and-process-engineering-co-v-solanki-traders-2008/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Raman Tech & Process Engineering Co v Solanki Traders (2008): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Attachment before judgment is a drastic power. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/ramesh-b-desai-v-bipin-vadilal-mehta-2006/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/ramesh-b-desai-v-bipin-vadilal-mehta-2006/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Ramesh B. Desai v Bipin Vadilal Mehta (2006): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Rule 11 confined to the plaint. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/rashid-un-nisa-v-muhammad-ismail-khan-1909/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/rashid-un-nisa-v-muhammad-ismail-khan-1909/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Rashid-un-Nisa v Muhammad Ismail Khan (1909): facts, issue, held and why it matters. A decree against an unrepresented minor is a nullity. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/ravinder-kaur-grewal-v-manjit-kaur-2019/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/ravinder-kaur-grewal-v-manjit-kaur-2019/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Ravinder Kaur Grewal v Manjit Kaur (2019): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Adverse possession as a sword. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/razia-begum-v-sahebzadi-anwar-begum-1958/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/razia-begum-v-sahebzadi-anwar-begum-1958/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Razia Begum v Sahebzadi Anwar Begum (1958): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Twin tests for adding parties. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/revajeetu-builders-and-developers-v-narayanaswamy-and-sons-2009/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/revajeetu-builders-and-developers-v-narayanaswamy-and-sons-2009/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Revajeetu Builders & Developers v Narayanaswamy & Sons (2009): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Factors for amendment. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/salem-advocate-bar-association-ii-v-union-of-india-2005/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/salem-advocate-bar-association-ii-v-union-of-india-2005/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Salem Advocate Bar Association (II) v Union of India (2005): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The CPC amendments upheld. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/salem-advocate-bar-association-v-union-of-india-2005/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/salem-advocate-bar-association-v-union-of-india-2005/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Salem Advocate Bar Association v Union of India (2005): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Validity of the CPC amendments and s.80(2). https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/sampuran-singh-v-niranjan-kaur-1999/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/sampuran-singh-v-niranjan-kaur-1999/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Sampuran Singh v Niranjan Kaur (1999): facts, issue, held and why it matters. No revival after expiry. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/sangram-singh-v-election-tribunal-kotah-1955/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/sangram-singh-v-election-tribunal-kotah-1955/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Sangram Singh v Election Tribunal, Kotah (1955): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Procedure is the handmaid of justice. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/santosh-hazari-v-purushottam-tiwari-2001/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/santosh-hazari-v-purushottam-tiwari-2001/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Santosh Hazari v Purushottam Tiwari (2001): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Meaning of 'substantial question of law'. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/satya-v-teja-singh-1975/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/satya-v-teja-singh-1975/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Satya v Teja Singh (1975): facts, issue, held and why it matters. A foreign divorce refused recognition. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/satyadhyan-ghosal-v-deorajin-debi-1960/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/satyadhyan-ghosal-v-deorajin-debi-1960/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Satyadhyan Ghosal v Deorajin Debi (1960): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The finality principle. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/shah-babulal-khimji-v-jayaben-d-kania-1981/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/shah-babulal-khimji-v-jayaben-d-kania-1981/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Shah Babulal Khimji v Jayaben D. Kania (1981): facts, issue, held and why it matters. What is a 'judgment'; decree vs order. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/shapoor-fredoom-mazda-v-durga-prosad-chamaria-1961/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/shapoor-fredoom-mazda-v-durga-prosad-chamaria-1961/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Shapoor Fredoom Mazda v Durga Prosad Chamaria (1961): facts, issue, held and why it matters. What an acknowledgment must show. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/t-arivandandam-v-tv-satyapal-1977/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/t-arivandandam-v-tv-satyapal-1977/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — T. Arivandandam v T.V. Satyapal (1977): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Reject a sham plaint at the threshold. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/t-krishnaswamy-chetty-v-c-thangavelu-chetty-1955/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/t-krishnaswamy-chetty-v-c-thangavelu-chetty-1955/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — T. Krishnaswamy Chetty v C. Thangavelu Chetty (1955): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The five principles for appointing a receiver. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/union-bank-of-india-v-khader-international-construction-2001/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/union-bank-of-india-v-khader-international-construction-2001/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Union Bank of India v Khader International Construction (2001): facts, issue, held and why it matters. A company can sue as an indigent person. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/uttam-singh-duggal-and-co-v-united-bank-of-india-2000/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/uttam-singh-duggal-and-co-v-united-bank-of-india-2000/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Uttam Singh Duggal & Co. v United Bank of India (2000): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Quick judgment on clear admissions. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/y-narasimha-rao-v-y-venkata-lakshmi-1991/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/cpc/cases/y-narasimha-rao-v-y-venkata-lakshmi-1991/ CPC & Limitation Act case brief — Y. Narasimha Rao v Y. Venkata Lakshmi (1991): facts, issue, held and why it matters. S.13 and foreign matrimonial decrees.