https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/ Free Company Law notes for LL.B. — nature & kinds of company, corporate personality & lifting the veil, promoters, incorporation, MOA/AOA, ultra vires & indoor management, prospectus, directors & meetings, oppression & mismanagement, shares & capital, dividends, debentures & charges, and winding up under the Companies Act 2013. Full topic notes, landmark cases and solved IRAC problems. Hugo en-us https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/solved-problems/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/solved-problems/ Ten Company Law exam problems solved in the IRAC method — Issue, Rule, Analysis, Conclusion — with full model answers, spanning all five units. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/past-questions/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/past-questions/ KSLU previous-year question papers for Company Law — unit-wise and topic-wise questions and frequency. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/meaning-nature-and-characteristics-of-a-company/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/meaning-nature-and-characteristics-of-a-company/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Meaning, Nature and Characteristics of a Company. A 'company', in law, means only one thing — a body registered under the Act. Registration is the magic moment that turns a group of people into a separate legal person. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/kinds-of-company/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/kinds-of-company/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Kinds of Company. A private company is a closed family shop — few members, no public money, shares not freely sold. A public company is an open bazaar — anyone can buy in, shares change hands freely. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/corporate-personality-and-limited-liability/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/corporate-personality-and-limited-liability/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Corporate Personality and Limited Liability. The company and its owners are two different people in the eyes of the law. The owners' wallets and the company's wallet are separate; that separation is exactly what… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-incorporation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-incorporation/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Advantages and Disadvantages of Incorporation. Incorporation buys you a strong shield and easy money — but you pay in paperwork, publicity, tax and the small risk that a judge lifts the shield when you misuse it. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/lifting-the-corporate-veil/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/lifting-the-corporate-veil/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Lifting the Corporate Veil. Normally the law respects the wall between a company and its owners. But if the owners use the company as a mask to cheat, dodge tax, or break the law, the court pulls the mask off and… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/promoters-duties-and-liabilities/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/promoters-duties-and-liabilities/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Promoters — Duties and Liabilities. The promoter is the person who builds the company before it exists — the founder-organiser. Once the company is running, the label falls away. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/procedure-of-incorporation-and-commencement-of-business/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/procedure-of-incorporation-and-commencement-of-business/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Procedure of Incorporation and Commencement of Business. File the two documents plus declarations with the Registrar; he issues a certificate; the company now exists. But before it trades, a company with share capital… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/certificate-of-incorporation/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/certificate-of-incorporation/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Certificate of Incorporation. The certificate is the company's birth certificate, and it is final. After it is issued, nobody can say 'the company was never properly formed.' https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/memorandum-of-association-clauses-and-alteration/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/memorandum-of-association-clauses-and-alteration/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Memorandum of Association — Clauses and Alteration. The Memorandum is the company's constitution — six clauses fixing who it is, where it lives, what it may do, how far members are liable, and how much capital it has.… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/articles-of-association-and-their-binding-force/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/articles-of-association-and-their-binding-force/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Articles of Association and their Binding Force. The articles are the internal rulebook and a contract — but only between the company and its members as members. A company can rewrite its articles by special… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/doctrine-of-ultra-vires-and-constructive-notice/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/doctrine-of-ultra-vires-and-constructive-notice/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Doctrine of Ultra Vires and Constructive Notice. A company can legally do only what its object clause allows; anything beyond is dead on arrival and nobody can revive it (ultra vires). And because the MOA/AOA are… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/doctrine-of-indoor-management/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/doctrine-of-indoor-management/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Doctrine of Indoor Management. You must know a company's public rulebook, but you may trust that its internal meetings and resolutions were carried out correctly — unless you knew of a problem, ignored a red flag, or… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/prospectus-contents-misstatement-and-remedies/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/prospectus-contents-misstatement-and-remedies/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Prospectus — Contents, Misstatement and Remedies. A prospectus is a public invitation to buy a company's securities, and it must tell the whole truth. If it lies, the cheated investor can cancel his shares and get his… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/pre-incorporation-contracts/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/pre-incorporation-contracts/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Pre-Incorporation Contracts. Because the company did not yet exist, it is not bound by contracts made before its birth and cannot simply ratify them — the promoter is personally on the hook. But under the Specific… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/board-of-directors-powers-and-distribution-of-powers/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/board-of-directors-powers-and-distribution-of-powers/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Board of Directors — Powers and Distribution of Powers. The Board can do almost anything the company can do (s.179) and runs the business day to day. But the really big, structural decisions (s.180) are kept back for… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/directors-appointment-position-duties-and-removal/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/directors-appointment-position-duties-and-removal/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Directors — Appointment, Position, Duties and Removal. Directors are the elected managers — part-agent, part-trustee. The Act (s.166) demands good faith, care and loyalty, and forbids secret profits. A person may… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/company-meetings-and-resolutions/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/company-meetings-and-resolutions/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Company Meetings and Resolutions. Companies act through meetings. Members meet at the yearly AGM and, for urgent matters, an EGM; directors meet at least four times a year. A meeting is valid only with proper… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/oppression-mismanagement-and-the-rule-in-foss-v-harbottle/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/oppression-mismanagement-and-the-rule-in-foss-v-harbottle/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Oppression, Mismanagement and the Rule in Foss v Harbottle. Normally only the company (i.e. the majority) can complain about wrongs to the company (Foss v Harbottle). But when the majority uses its power to oppress… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/corporate-social-responsibility/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/corporate-social-responsibility/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Corporate Social Responsibility. If a company is big enough (₹500 cr net worth / ₹1000 cr turnover / ₹5 cr profit), it must spend 2% of its average profits on listed social activities through a CSR Committee — and if… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/remuneration-of-directors-managerial-remuneration/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/remuneration-of-directors-managerial-remuneration/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Remuneration of Directors (Managerial Remuneration). A public company can spend at most 11% of its profits on its managers. Of that, one boss (MD/WTD/manager) may take 5% (two or more, 10% together), and the ordinary… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/shares-and-share-capital-kinds/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/shares-and-share-capital-kinds/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Shares and Share Capital — Kinds. A share is one slice of the company's capital pie, and owning it makes you a part-owner with defined rights — but it is movable property you can sell, not a claim on any particular… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/allotment-of-shares-and-calls/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/allotment-of-shares-and-calls/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Allotment of Shares and Calls. Allotment is the company saying 'yes' to your offer to buy shares — and in law that 'yes' is effective the instant the letter is posted. A call is a later demand for the balance owed on… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/transfer-of-shares-and-membership/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/transfer-of-shares-and-membership/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Transfer of Shares and Membership. You become a member by getting your name on the register. Shares move either by transfer (you sell them, following the s.56 paperwork) or by transmission (they pass automatically on… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/dividends-declaration-and-payment/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/dividends-declaration-and-payment/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Dividends — Declaration and Payment. A dividend is your slice of the profits — payable only from profits, recommended by the Board, and declared by the members. Once declared it is a debt: the company must pay within… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/buy-back-of-shares-and-private-placement/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/buy-back-of-shares-and-private-placement/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Buy-Back of Shares and Private Placement. Buy-back is a company buying back and cancelling its own shares out of reserves (capped at 25%, debt-equity ≤ 2:1) — a way to return surplus cash. Private placement is raising… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/debentures/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/debentures/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Debentures. A debenture is an IOU: you lend the company money and get fixed interest plus repayment, usually secured on its assets — but no vote and no profit-share. Bearer debentures pass by delivery like currency. A… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/charges-fixed-and-floating/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/charges-fixed-and-floating/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Charges — Fixed and Floating. A charge is security given to a lender over the company's assets, and it must be registered within 30 days. A fixed charge pins down specific assets; a floating charge hovers over a… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/acceptance-of-deposits/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/acceptance-of-deposits/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Acceptance of Deposits. A 'deposit' is a company borrowing straight from members or the public. Because depositors are unsecured and exposed, the Act (ss.73–76) surrounds it with conditions — reserves, insurance,… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/rights-and-privileges-of-shareholders-members/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/rights-and-privileges-of-shareholders-members/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Rights and Privileges of Shareholders/Members. Owning a share makes you a member with a toolkit — you vote (s.47), you can sell your shares (s.44/56), you must be offered new shares first so your stake is not diluted… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/remedies-of-debenture-holders/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/remedies-of-debenture-holders/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Remedies of Debenture-holders. If the company stops paying, a debenture-holder is not helpless. The trustee (s.71) steps in for all the holders and can go to the NCLT; a receiver can be put over the charged assets;… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/reconstruction-amalgamation-and-the-powers-of-the-nclt/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/reconstruction-amalgamation-and-the-powers-of-the-nclt/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Reconstruction, Amalgamation and the Powers of the NCLT. Reconstruction reshapes one company into a new shell; amalgamation merges companies into one. They are done through a court-supervised scheme (ss.230–232): the… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/takeover-and-acquisition-of-minority-interest/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/takeover-and-acquisition-of-minority-interest/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Takeover and Acquisition of Minority Interest. When an acquirer wins over 90% of the shares, the law lets it compulsorily buy out the last stubborn minority (a 'squeeze-out') — but at a fair, valuer-fixed price, and… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/winding-up-concept-modes-and-who-may-apply/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/winding-up-concept-modes-and-who-may-apply/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Winding Up — Concept, Modes and Who May Apply. Winding up is closing the company down — realise assets, pay debts, distribute surplus, then dissolve. It is done either by the Tribunal (compulsory) or voluntarily. The… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/voluntary-winding-up-and-compulsory-winding-up/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/voluntary-winding-up-and-compulsory-winding-up/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on Voluntary Winding Up and Compulsory Winding Up. Compulsory winding up is ordered by the Tribunal, often against the company's will. Voluntary winding up is the company choosing to close itself: if it is solvent, the… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/the-liquidator-and-preferential-payments/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/the-liquidator-and-preferential-payments/ Free Company Law LL.B. notes on The Liquidator and Preferential Payments. The liquidator is the company's undertaker — he takes over from the Board, sells the assets, sues and defends, and pays out the estate. He needs the Tribunal's sanction for… https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/ashbury-railway-carriage-and-iron-co-v-riche-1875/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/ashbury-railway-carriage-and-iron-co-v-riche-1875/ Company Law case brief — Ashbury Railway Carriage & Iron Co. v Riche (1875): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Ultra vires is void. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/borlands-trustee-v-steel-bros-and-co-1901/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/borlands-trustee-v-steel-bros-and-co-1901/ Company Law case brief — Borland's Trustee v Steel Bros. & Co. (1901): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The nature of a share. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/bushell-v-faith-1970/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/bushell-v-faith-1970/ Company Law case brief — Bushell v Faith (1970): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Weighted votes against removal. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/cook-v-deeks-1916/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/cook-v-deeks-1916/ Company Law case brief — Cook v Deeks (1916): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Fraud on the minority. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/daimler-co-v-continental-tyre-and-rubber-co-1916/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/daimler-co-v-continental-tyre-and-rubber-co-1916/ Company Law case brief — Daimler Co. v Continental Tyre & Rubber Co. (1916): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Lifting for enemy character. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/ebrahimi-v-westbourne-galleries-ltd-1973/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/ebrahimi-v-westbourne-galleries-ltd-1973/ Company Law case brief — Ebrahimi v Westbourne Galleries Ltd. (1973): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Just and equitable winding up. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/foss-v-harbottle-1843/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/foss-v-harbottle-1843/ Company Law case brief — Foss v Harbottle (1843): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The proper-plaintiff (majority) rule. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/household-fire-insurance-co-v-grant-1879/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/household-fire-insurance-co-v-grant-1879/ Company Law case brief — Household Fire Insurance Co. v Grant (1879): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The postal rule in allotment. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/macaura-v-northern-assurance-co-1925/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/macaura-v-northern-assurance-co-1925/ Company Law case brief — Macaura v Northern Assurance Co. (1925): facts, issue, held and why it matters. Shares are not the assets. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/royal-british-bank-v-turquand-1856/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/royal-british-bank-v-turquand-1856/ Company Law case brief — Royal British Bank v Turquand (1856): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The indoor management rule. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/ruben-v-great-fingall-consolidated-1906/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/ruben-v-great-fingall-consolidated-1906/ Company Law case brief — Ruben v Great Fingall Consolidated (1906): facts, issue, held and why it matters. No protection for forgery. https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/salomon-v-salomon-and-co-ltd-1897/ Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000 https://medha-academy.in/subjects/company-law/cases/salomon-v-salomon-and-co-ltd-1897/ Company Law case brief — Salomon v Salomon & Co. Ltd. (1897): facts, issue, held and why it matters. The birth of separate personality.